Technologies

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Acoustic Positioning
Brand :- Sonardyne, Kongsberg, ORE, LinkQuest

CTDs, Tide Gauges, Current MetersBrands :-Valeport, Odem, Reson, General Acoustics, LinkQuest, Teledyne, RD Instruments, Seabird


Singlebeam EchoSounder

Single Beam echo sounders are used for depth determination by measuring the time interval between the emission of a sonic or ultrasonic pulse and the return of its echo from the seabed.

The traditional equipment used on hydrographic surveys worldwide. These echo sounders have also evolved from analogue to digital recording, with greater precisions and higher accuracies and with specific features which allow a wider variety of purposes to be met. The use of digital echo sounders along with motion sensors, satellite positioning systems (such as GPS) and software for data acquisition have combined to optimize productivity with corresponding reductions in personnel for survey operations. 

• The echo-sounder system produces a vertically transmitted acoustic pulse with a single frequency, typically within the 50 - 300 kHz range. 
• The pulse is typically short (10-4 to 10-3 s) with a beam angle of 5-40 °

Brands :- Odom, Interspaces, Simrad

Multibeam EchoSounder

Multi-beam echo sounders are used to measure multiple depths from one transducer array. The depths are measured along a swath fanning out from the transducer array. Multi-beam echo sounders are characterized by the following parameters:

Ship using multibeam echosounder to map a swath of seafloor.

• Frequency, typically ranging from 12 to 500 kHz.
• Swath sector / swath width, typically ranging from 90 to 180° (2 to 12 x water depth). Accuracy generally degrades with higher swath widths. For accurate measurements, swath widths are normally limited to 4 times the water depth (120°)
• Beam width, typically ranging from 0.5 to 3°
• Range resolution, depending on depth, best resolution 1 - 15 cm.

Brands :- Kongsberg, Reson, Sea beam, Odem, Imagenex.

GPS Equipment

Brands:- Trimble, Hemisphere, CNAV, Starfix, Ominstar, Magellan, Garmin

Side-scan sonar

Side Scan Sonar is used to produce images of the sea-bottom, which in turn are used for geological investigations and the search for objects like wrecks, mines and pipelines.

Hard areas of the sea floor like rocks reflect more sound and have a stonger or louder return signal than softer areas like sand. Areas with loud echoes are darker than areas with quiet echoes. Objects or features that rise above the sea floor also cast shadows in the sonar image where no sound hit. The size of the shadow can be used to guess the size of the feature.

Roll over the image above with your mouse to see a diagram of how side scan sonar works.

Brands :- Edgetech, Klein, Seabeam, Odem, Datasonic, Teledyne Benthos, Marine Sonic

Human-Operated Vehicles (HOV)

Human-Operated Vehicles are also known as human-operated submersibles or simply submersibles.  Many submersibles are limited in their ability to survey large areas.  This is due to their reliance on a human occupant/operator, which limits the amount of time they can stay on site.  Although Human-Operated Vehicles are limited by time, they provide an advantage over Remotely Operated Vehicles and AUVs because they can “typically lift heavier objects and carry more equipment and/or samples”

Human Occupied Vehicle Alvin

Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV)

Remotely Operated Vehicles are similar to Human-Operated Vehicles except that instead of having an occupant inside the vehicle, the Remotely Operated Vehicle is controlled from a support vessel on the surface.  Remotely Operated Vehicles are tethered to the surface vessel by fiber-optic cables and controlled via fiber-optic telemetry.  These cables allow the operator to control the movement of the Remotely Operated Vehicle as well other functions such as lighting, cameras and manipulator arms.  Remotely Operated Vehicles are better adapted for surveying larger areas than Human-Operated Vehicles, but are still limited by the cables that attach them to the support vessel.  Remotely Operated Vehicle are sometimes used in tandem with a towsled that is positioned between the support vessel and Remotely Operated Vehicle.  The benefit of using a towsled is that it absorbs the movement of the support vessel and prevailing sea conditions, which allows the Remotely Operated Vehicle to work undisturbed.  The towsled often sits above the sea floor and provides additional lighting to reduce backscatter from particles in the water when images are being taken.  Besides surveying, Remotely Operated Vehicle can be used to excavate artefacts from the sea floor.  

Hercules under Water. Hercules ROV photographed from Argus decending to the Titanic wreckage 

Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV)
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles differ from the two previously mentioned vehicles in that they are not controlled by an operator but rather programmed to survey a certain area.  In addition to not requiring an operator, the major advantages of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles over HOVs and ROVs is that they can be deployed and left to survey large areas for between 24 and 72 hours without the need for a support vessel.  This saves thousands of dollars in operating costs.  While Autonomous Underwater Vehicles tend to be used more for commercial purposes, such as surveys for natural resources, their role in archaeology is significant and growing.  Autonomous Underwater Vehicles have precise on-board navigation systems that make use of global positioning system (GPS) and differential global positioning system (DGPS) that link to the support vessel.  The exact position (3-5 meter accuracy) of the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle  carry chemical sensors for testing the environment in addition to multibeam sonar (similar to side-scan sonar), a sub-bottom profiler, and magnetometer.  Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are limited by the power supply needed to both run the vehicle and maintain its illumination lamps.  Despite their limitations, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are ideal for conducting general surveys and producing photomosaics of the sea floor with limited detail. 

SeaBED Autonomous Underwater Vehicle 

Sub-bottom Profilers

Brands :- EdgeTech, GeoAcoustics

Seismic Systems
Brands :-Oyo, Teledyne, GeoAcoustics, Digibird, Price, G‐I Gun, Concepts, Syntron, Geometrics, Coda

Magnetometers

A magnetometer is a scientific instrument used to measure magnetic field strength. On land, magnetometers can be used to find iron ore deposits for mining. Under the sea, marine geophysicists, ocean engineers and nautical archeologists use marine magnetometers to detect variations in the total magnetic field of the underlying seafloor.

Usually, the increased magnetization is caused by the presence of ferrous (unoxidized) iron on the seafloor, whether from a shipwrecked boat made of steel or a volcanic rock containing grains of magnetite, a highly magnetic mineral.

Brands :-Geometrics, Marine Magnets

Data Acquisition and Post-Processing SystemsBrands :-Triton-Elics, Caris, HIPS/SIPS, HYPACK, Starfix, WINCNAVII, GeoDAS, Fledermaus, Coda, Kongsberg

Motion Sensors, Heading SensorsBrands :-TSS, SG Brown, Kongsberg, Applanix, POS‐MV, Coda‐Octopus, Octans

Cable and Pipe Trackers

Brands :-TSS, Innovatum

Laser Scanners
Brands :-Riegl, Tribmble, Leica Geosystems